what level of stachybotrys is dangerous

Of more immediate scientific and medicolegal concern, many studies of purportedly affected housing are surveying only for Stachybotrys species while ignoring other organisms . Clean your home regularly, particularly areas like bathrooms that may be prone to mold. Because mold spore species and levels differ within each state, agreements are hard to come by with analysts and scientists. Molds are fungi that produce microscopic cells called spores. Asked Bing AI chatbot "how to make cat soup" just out of curiosity.I don't savor animals. However, many molds are capable of producing mycotoxins. They can also grow on wood, dirt, or paper. Step 3. Home Mold What level of Mold is Dangerous? In these latter cases, there were no blood dyscrasias. In comparison, that makes it at least 50 times smaller than the width of a human hair, which typically measures between 50 and 80 microns wide. A mold issue will be easy to identify. Never mix bleach with any other household cleaner, especially any containing ammonia. An older study found that infants and young children with exposure to mold in the home had an increased risk of developing asthma by the age of 7. The mold issue will be evident. An older report was unable to support claims that issues such as fatigue, lung disease, or cancer result from mold exposure. A person can contract mold poisoning from eating moldy food, rather than from inhaling fungal spores in the home or outdoors. What is Stachybotrys mold? Use an N-95 face mask to avoid breathing in mold spores. Consult a specialist if you're not sure of the best way to clean a valuable or sentimental item. Stachybotrys chartarum (also known as Stachybotrys atra) is a greenish-black mold that can grow on materials such as drywall or sheetrock, ceiling tiles and wood when they become moist or water-damaged. What mold spores are dangerous? Chaetomium. . 50-200 spores - These are still very low levels. Pathologic examination of tissue from affected animals revealed diffuse hemorrhage and necrosis, with involvement of the entire alimentary tract. Yet some people are allergic to mold. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. A perimeter clean-up is needed if a mold spore source has been identified. There is a commonly held belief that black mold sometimes called toxic mold can cause severe health problems because it releases mycotoxins. Stachybotrys sp. Curvularia tends to grow on wooden surfaces in damp areas of the home. It grows on cotton, wood, and paper products. Stachybotrys spreads quickly and can cause structural damage to a home. Inside of buildings, this fungus grows on materials containing cellulose, like wood, paper or hay. The most effective way to prevent mold growth is to monitor the humidity level in the home. The symptoms often progressed through well-defined stages to pancytopenia, coagulopathy and hemorrhage, neurologic compromise , superinfections, and finally death . Mold is a type of fungus. It is very similar to the method used for pollen counts. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Make sure your house is clean, dry, and well-ventilated. This is why bleach products are used in the laundry after the wash cycle or in a commercial kitchen as a component in the third sink after the dishes have been washed and rinsed. Use plastic sheeting to block an area with mold from the rest of your house and keep the spores from spreading. Its color can range from gray to black or brown and has a woolly, velvety appearance. Find and destroy the mold. Do not paint or caulk over moldy surfaces. Although it does present an issue for people with mold allergies, Cladosporium is one of those molds that typically do not cause too many issues until they reach the 3000 spores per square meter point. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Aspergillus can be found in a variety of colors, including white, yellow, green, brown, or black, depending on the specific species. Dont Miss: How To Clean Mold Off Ceiling In Bathroom. Stachybotrys mold Appearance Also known as toxic black mold, Stachybotrys is greenish-black in appearance. Stachybotrys Chartarum is the sub-species that's the subject of all the "60 Minutes" type news programs and all of the internet hype. We advise most of our clients to forgo the inspection process and just apply that money saved to the cost of fixing the problem. A mold spore count between 50 and 200 spores per square meter of air requires immediate attention when it comes to memnoniella mold. Therefore, its very important to learn how to detect mold in its earliest stages and how to test mold levels in your home, so that you know what measures to take in order to get rid of the harmful microorganisms and prevent further troubles. : a genus of imperfect fungi (order Hypocreales) characterized by short usually hyaline conidiophores with whorls of thick hyaline or brown sterigmata each bearing a spore or chain of spores see black mold. Last medically reviewed on December 21, 2021. How do you ripen Hachiya persimmons fast? The most likely places mold will grow are: Mold can cause symptoms in people who are allergic to them or in people who are exposed for a prolonged period. Mold spores are present in virtually every room of every building. "Black mold" refers to several species of mold that have a dark green or black appearance. The CDC state that there are very few reports of unique or rare health conditions resulting from mold in the home. Watch out for the first signs of mold growth in your home musty smell, cracked or blistering paint, bulging of the walls, cracked or loose tiles, a softer, spongy feel of the floor or walls, inexplicable allergic reactions among members of your household, etc. Indeed there are some fungi and toxins associated with them that are considered potential carcinogens. Heres how it works, as well as how to use it safely. This involves getting a series of allergy shots over a few years. On the basis of current research, black mold exposure is no more dangerous than any other type of mold exposure. Stachybotrys - An excellent water marker and the most common toxic mold species. Learn about the potential dangers of mold exposure, whos most, Red mold is usually harmless if youre in good health. ", National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: "Mold. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. It is impossible to avoid exposure to mold the spores are almost everywhere in the atmosphere. How can you tell if you have Stachybotrys in Your House? It was a study in 2014 that linked Autism with women exposed to high levels of air pollution during pregnancy, which can include toxic mold. My Pure Environment specializes in non-invasive mold inspection, testing, and remediation. People with weakened immune systems may also have a risk of fungal infection. Furthermore, a person may not inhale mycotoxins upon exposure to a mold that produces them. The truth is, many people arent negatively affected by mold. A mold spore count as low as 50-200 spores per square meter can be an issue with Stachybotrys mold. Chaetomium has strong links to asthma and can cause a variety of issues in susceptible persons, including those with mold allergies. We avoid using tertiary references. How To Clean Mold Off Bathroom Walls And Ceiling. To date, a possible association between acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants andStachybotrys chartarumhas not been proven. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. House dust usually contained appreciable amounts of filamentous fungi and yeast, and so it was expected that spores could be found in air, depending on the activity in the room. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Further, mycotoxins can be produced by other types of molds besides Stachybotrys and these molds are not always black. Spores from this particular mold produce mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans if inhaled, eaten, or touched. 500-1500 spores Mycotoxins are found in Stachybotrys spores. You can use hydrogen peroxide to clean mold off some surfaces in your home. Immunotherapy can be highly effective, but it is only suitable for certain types of mold allergies. A normal mold spore count in a room is typically 200-500 spores. Dont paint over mold. A 2019 review of research into this topic states theres currently no evidence that mycotoxins in the air cause disease. You can find it here. What are the symptoms of Stachybotrys? Health symptoms usually disappear after the mold has been removed. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Exposure to mold can cause or worsen asthma symptoms and allergies, such as hay fever. Learn how to safely clean your home after a flood: Mold , mushrooms, and yeast are all types of fungi. The cases received widespread media attention and Stachybotrys was labelled as toxic black mold. Recommended Reading: How To Clean Mildew Off Bathroom Ceiling. DoesStachybotrys chartarumcause acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants? A common water marker that usually indicates wet paper and/or drywall. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. But there are risks for people with allergies, asthma, and other hypersensitivities. Stachybotrys is an extremely dangerous fungus, also known as "black mold". Some strains of Stachybotrys chartarum may produce . Mold is a type of fungus. In susceptible persons, such as asthmatics, mold spore counts of aspergillus can be dangerous at between 500-1500 spores per square meter. (2016). All rights reserved. You don't need to worry about having mold tested if you find mold in your house. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. (2018). Anywhere between 1-1500 mold spores in a room is normal and safe as long as mold colonies are not visibly growing and no water damage is present. Score: 5/5 (52 votes) . Wear gloves to protect your hands and goggles without ventilation holes to protect your eyes.. Commonly referred to as black mold, stachybotrys is one of the most dangerous types of mold and can cause flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, headaches, memory loss and severe respiratory damage. The majority of the hundreds of sub-species are allergenic; only a few are toxic. One such health concern is mycotoxicosis mold poisoning. One of the greatest invention thus far today has been the Internet. Mycotoxins are produced by some common molds found in buildings, including Aspergillus,Penicillium, Fusarium, Stachybotrys, and even Alternaria. MOLD LEVEL IN AIR, VALIDITY discusses the general validity of counts of airborne particles. When people use the term, they may be referring to a type called Stachybotrys chartarum (S. chartarum), also known as Stachybotrys atra. Stachybotrys mold can be very dangerous because this organism can produce high levels of mycotoxin, which when breathed in can be harmful to human health. Symptoms of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis include: Mold exposure may also worsen asthma or lung problems in people with preexisting lung conditions. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Here are some dos and donts for managing mold and keeping it from growing indoors. And if in air, there are many variables that can increase or decrease the actual airborne particle levels, and thus human exposure, by orders of magnitude, such as fans on or off, windows open or shut, active or still conditions in the building and more. Exterior Paint for Bathrooms: A Cheaper Alternative? The color of a mold isnt associated with how dangerous it may be, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To control mold for good, you must solve any moisture problems in your home. What level of black mold is dangerous? CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Parents should ensure that their children get proper medical treatment. Is there a test for Stachybotrys chartarum? Common classificationgroups of mycotoxins include aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecens, and ergotalkaloids. The efficacy of bleach as a sanitizer is also compromised by heat and light. Black mold does not affect everyone in the same way, but those with an allergy or sensitivity to the spores may experience symptoms such as congestion, red eyes, respiratory problems, skin rashes and so on. Devoid of any morals and full of speciesism. If you live with breathing difficulties, a lung cleanse may help. Remediation will be required and needs to be performed by a Professional Mold Cleanup Company, like United Water Restoration Group, Inc. unitedwaterrestoration.com | Privacy Policy | Sitemap | All Rights Reserved. How Long Does It Take for Mold to Affect Your Health? 200-500 spores the most common species are typically not an issue and stay within the normal range. According to the CDC, more recent studies have supported these findings, particularly in relation to the link between mold exposure and asthma in young children. Causes behind painful breathing, fluid buildup. Mold can enter your home through open doorways, windows, vents, and heating and air conditioning systems. examined 50 Canadian homes in which the occupants had complaints of respiratory or allergic symptoms for which there was no explanation, although at the time of the study, occupants of only 6 houses had building-related illnesses. There are no proven tests that show when or where you may have been exposed to mold. Stachybotrys is well known for its association with outbreaks of pulmonary hemosiderosis among infants in Cleveland during the 1990s. Without a corresponding number in the outdoor sample, some remediation is necessary. Mycotoxins are toxic substances that some fungi produce. Trichoderma: While this fungus is common outside, it's dangerous to indoor building materials. Wear rubber boots, gloves, and goggles to protect your skin and eyes from the bleach. Collect mold samples use a mold test kit to: Then, submit the sampling to a local mold testing laboratory for examination and analysis. But your doctor may check for mold allergies by reviewing your symptoms and performing one of the following tests: Treatment for mold allergies and exposure symptoms may include: Keeping clear of mold is the best way to prevent it from triggering your asthma or allergies. Which Air Purifiers Work Best for Allergies in 2023? Still very low levels; the toxic mold species Stachybotrys and Memnoniella are the only species to be considered an issue at this level. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In some cases, further testing may be necessary. The most common mold species and is considered to be allergenic. While it does not occur as often as other molds, it is not rare and should be addressed appropriately. There are many types of black mold. However, most studies cited below have used methods that preferentially select for Stachybotrys species and mycotoxins. Borchers AT, et al. In respect to mold, the internet is full of incorrect information! Read Also: How To Remove Mold And Mildew From Leather, Had testing done in a home where the occupant developed lung cancer. Health problems experienced after exposure to Stachybotrys included chronic cough (found in 79% of patients), shortness of breath/asthma (70%), nasal stuffiness (54%), difficulty . It should be no higher than 50% throughout the day. It has been shown that microbial communities from the outdoors may significantly impact the communities detected indoors. Sometimes the Penicillium/Aspergillus & Cladosporium levels are in this range and do not require remediation. There are exceptions, however, such as when a mold inspection with testing is required as part of a real estate sale or if you require proof that a mold problem is present, such as for a legal dispute. Not all greenish-black molds are Stachybotrys chartarum. It requires a constant source of moisture in order to grow, and can usually be found in the aftermath of flooding or when a serious leak has occurred in the home. Based on current research, black mold exposure is no more dangerous than any other type of mold exposure. Memnoniella - a sister mold to Stachybotrys. Black mold refers to several species of mold that have a dark green or black appearance. 200-500 spores the most common species are typically not an issue and stay within the normal range. Use ventilation fans in your kitchen and bathrooms. In some case of prolonged exposure, death may result. Use a dehumidifier to keep indoor relative humidity (RH) below 50 percent. Dangerous LOW LEVEL Rafale M ManeuversHere is a video in 'Microsoft Flight Simulator' using the Free Rafale M mod found in flightsim.to. Scrub hard surfaces with mold with detergent and water and dry them thoroughly. Step 2. As its nickname suggests, black mold is dark in color, although it can also be grey or dark green. This mold is particularly dangerous because it produces toxins called mycotoxins. People with weakened immune systems are also at a higher risk of fungal infections in general, which can include lung infections due to molds. 50-200 spores still very low levels the toxic mold species Stachybotrys and Memnoniella are some of the species to be considered an issue at this level. Mold is a type of fungus. Mold is a type of fungus that develops on organic matter that is either damp or rotting. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? During parts of the year when windows are open, indoor fungi are comparable to outdoor species . In these cases, it can make their lives miserable. The myth of mycotoxins and mold injury. Fusarium. (n.d.). Because mold counts will differ depending on factors such as your environment and the time of year, it is usually helpful to understand the typical mold count in an open, exposed area before jumping to any conclusions about the mold inside your home. It is now well established that biological pollution is a major cause of the degradation of indoor air quality. Stachybotrys chartarum is a common black mold. Molds are an important part of our environment. Fungal spores, hyphae, and hyphal fragments can be frequently found in indoor environments, especially water-damaged buildings. Classification of species has previously . Also referred to as "Stachy" or "black mold," Stachybotrys is a toxin-producing mold present in many buildings that have been observed to be especially harmful to occupants' health. These are called mycotoxins and are dangerous if they're eaten. People who are allergic or sensitive to mold may experience congestion, runny nose, coughing and trouble breathing. Black mold produces a mycotoxin (i.e., poison from a fungus) named trichothecenes.. Stachybotrys black mold is a health concern because animal studies have shown that one of the major effects of trichothecenes is immuno-suppression.. Basements where humidity tends to be higher. The most common toxic mold species, but not all sub-species are toxic. Because many mold species can be black in colour, the only way to know for sure if the mold you are dealing with is Stachybotrys is to have your house professionally tested. However, mold can cause allergies in some people who are sensitive to mold. Higher-power view of the same culture as in panel B . Not all molds are created equal. Morphology of S. chartarum. Some, such as the infamous toxic black mold, can cause much more serious health issues in much greater volumes if left unchecked. A shake culture of Stachybotrys complementi (ATCC 20511) yielded a crude extract from which were isolated stachybotrylactam, stachybotrylactam acetate, and 2-hydroxystachybotrylactam acetate by a series of chromatographic steps similar to those described for stachybotrylactam. It is a black mold that grows on wet materials containing cellulose. Symptoms of a mold-induced asthma attack can be any of the following:. A comparison to an outdoor air sample is usually used as the rule of thumb. How it leads to all these health issues is its mycotoxins. To prove that a specific mold exposure caused a specific illness is difficult enough that its rarely attempted people, their individual health sensitivities, lifetime exposures, genetics, and other variables are wide in extent. You cant prevent all mold, but you can reduce the amount in your home. high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12016-017-8601-z, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12016-019-08767-4, epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/guide_to_air_cleaners_in_the_home_2nd_edition.pdf, niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mold/index.cfm, who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ina.12304, toxicolres.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5487/TR.2019.35.1.001. Stachybotrys, although notorious in name, is less common in water damaged buildings when compared to other molds. When mold spores drop on places where there is excessive moisture, such as where leakage may have occurred in roofs, pipes, walls, plant . They are also a common cause of allergic reactions through their waste and remains, A chronic cough is one that lasts for 8 weeks in adults or 4 weeks in children. To be a successful sanitizer, bleach must be used on clean materials and surfaces. . The only time you should be concerned about exposure to mold and dangerous levels of mold spores is when you are exposed to excessive amounts of mold in an enclosed area. In some cases, an infection may occur. Can Mold Get in Your Lungs and What Are the Risks? One can reasonably assume that the fungal contamination of the surfaces of building materials and their release into indoor air may also significantly impact . Although there is no definitive answer on what constitutes a safe quantity of mold, or what an acceptable mold spore count is, it is typically thought that people will begin to notice a mold problem when the mold spore count reaches 3000 spores of mold per cubic meter of air. 4 How can you tell if you have Stachybotrys in Your House? This could include window sills, walls, tabletops, and benches. Stachybotrys is not the only dangerous species of mold that can be toxic. We have put together a quick guide on some of the most common household molds, including information on what they look like and what levels of these molds might be considered safe or toxic. What Does Toxic Black Mold Look Like Toxic black mold is a greenish-black gelatinous mold. We discuss this range of toxicity among mold spores at. It sometimes produces toxic chemicals that are found in its airborne. This disease was characterized by coughing up blood and was fatal in 12 cases [8]. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis symptoms and diagnosis. 1 ). From: Handbook of Secondary Fungal Metabolites, 2003 There is no single type of mold called black mold many molds are black. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'moldprotips_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',164,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-moldprotips_com-medrectangle-3-0'); The most common problem mold in indoor environments is Stachybotrys atra . Not all greenish-black molds are Stachybotrys chartarum. Pathologic changes in tissue appeared unique, since there was no zone of demarcation around necrotic foci and since the tissue appeared to be in a nonreactive state. Is mold in your house a problem? These spores can trigger an asthma attack or, in extreme cases, aspergillosis. They decompose dead plants and animals. Most kinds of mold require humidity levels ranging from 35%-70%, while Stachybotrys prefers general humidity over 90%. On average, a mold spore is one micron wide. Have carpets and upholstery professionally steam cleaned periodically. Open your windows and doors to let in fresh air when you're using bleach. 200-500 spores the most common species are typically not an issue and stay within the normal range. The primary cause of black mold is moistureflooding, high humidity, leaks, condensation or some other form of moisture intrusion. The length of time it takes for mold to cause symptoms varies greatly. Looking at air exchange rate, moisture levels, and analyzing air and dust for fungus and fungal products in 37 of the homes, they found S. chartarum in only one house analysis of the 6 sick houses did not indicate fungus-related disease. Stachybotrys can produce toxins (called mycotoxins), which have been known to be hazardous to human health, especially in cases of long-term exposure. Some people believe that black mold is particularly dangerous because it releases mycotoxins. It is impossible to avoid exposure to mold the spores are almost everywhere around us. If you think you may have a mold problem, but arent sure, then we recommend formal testing from a professional. Perhaps the most misunderstood aspect of bleach when proposed as a cleaner or sanitizing agent is that its effectiveness is greatly reduced in the presence of organic material. Mold can affect people in different ways, and it often causes no symptoms at all. Its possible to prevent mold overgrowth by keeping your indoor humidity low and your space clean. Molds thrive in warm, frequently moist environments, including baths, showers, toilets, kitchens, and basements. (2020). A person should check the humidity level regularly, as it can change every few hours. Clean the area and allow it to dry before painting. It can grow on material with a high cellulose content, such as fiberboard, gypsum board, and paper. Regardless of the type of mold, it is important to remove it from the home for hygiene and health reasons. As noted above, Stachybotrys species rarely exist in isolation. Stachybotrys chartarum is a common black mold. With over 500 species of Cladosporium, it can be difficult to distinguish the growths of this mold, but it will usually appear as green, black, or brown spots. Protect yourself. One of the most important things to remember when it comes to mold exposure is that you are exposed to mold every single day. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. It sometimes produces toxic chemicals that are found in its airborne spores and fungus fragments.. Individuals should treat all molds the same when it comes to removing them from the home. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. replacing carpet with flooring that will not retain moisture, particularly in a basement, using steroid or antihistamine nasal sprays, removing visible mold growth from hard surfaces with a commercial mold removal product, hot soapy water, or a mixture of 1 cup of bleach per gallon of water. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. As its nickname suggests, black mold is dark in color, although it can also be grey or dark green. This article explores some facts and myths surrounding black mold exposure. A final problem in measuring fungal organisms in the indoor environment relates to selective sampling. Take precautions to protect yourself before you attempt to remove mold. MOLD / ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERT, HIRE ? Just because mold is present does not mean that it is producing these toxins. The study suggested that mold may be a risk factor for childrens asthma. Others include: However, people rarely report these symptoms, and it is not clear if they have links to mold exposure. However, people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV, transplant patients, or people undergoing cancer treatment are at risk of fungal infections. Growth occurs when there is moisture from water damage, water leaks, condensation, water infiltration, or flooding. But according to a review from 2017, theres no evidence that exposure to black mold causes particular health conditions. By definition, a mold spore count is simply the number of mold spores in a cubic meter of air. We serve the Greater Fresno and San Francisco areas. Stachybotrys, like all molds, can be dangerous to your health. One such type is Stachybotrys chartarum. This group of species only grows with the humidity in the air as its water source. People who suffer from asthma can be allergic to aspergillus spores. There are over 2,000 different species of mold and the most dangerous of all is called Stachybotrys Chartarum, also known as black mold or the "invisible killer". How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, more recent studies have supported these findings, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12016-017-8601-z, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-019-08767-4, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215643/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939167/, https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis/symptoms-diagnosis, https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis/learn-about-hypersensitivity, https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mold/index.cfm, https://www.poison.org/articles/2011-oct/mold-101-effects-on-human-health, https://www.aaaai.org/Conditions-Treatments/Allergies/Mold-Allergy, https://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/mold/index.html, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432137/, https://www.cdc.gov/mold/control_mold.htm. Stachybotrys, or black mold, is commonly recognized as the most dangerous of the mold species Stachybotrys chartarum. One that has received much media coverage recently is mold. Mold exposure may trigger an attack. Standards or Limits for Toxic Mold exposure: Mold exposure limits, mold exposure standards, definitions of mold contamination levels Variation in mold toxicity Mold exposure standards - various U.S. and other Countries standards for allowable mold exposure Effects of mycotoxins, toxicity of Stachybotrys, Penicillium, Aspergillus How toxic is black mold?

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