Providing prevention information to individuals and groups known to be at risk for fluency disorders and to individuals working with those at risk. Overall Assessment of the Speakers Experience of Stuttering (OASES): Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. Adolescents also may be particularly susceptible to peer pressure and bullying at this time. The interview process and work environment can be challenging for individuals who stutter. Resilience has been examined in the stuttering literature as one factor that may protect people from the adverse effects of chronic stuttering (Craig et al., 2011; Freud & Amir, 2020). Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists. Supplementing stuttering treatment with online cognitive behavior therapy: An experimental trial. (2019). There are limited data on the age of onset of cluttering; however, the age of onset of cluttering appears to be similar to that of stuttering (Howell & Davis, 2011). american journal of audiology (aja) american journal of speech-language pathology (ajslp) journal of speech, language, and hearing research (jslhr) language, speech, and hearing services in schools (lshss) perspectives of the asha special interest groups; topics; special collections See the Treatment section of the Fluency Disorders Evidence Map for pertinent scientific evidence, expert opinion, and client/caregiver perspective. The role of attention in therapy for children and adolescents who stutter: Cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based interventions. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0111), Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (2005). In R. Lees & C. Stark (Eds. Bilingual children who stutter typically do so in both languages (Nwokah, 1988; Van Borsel et al., 2001). Such individuals may benefit from treatment strategies that focus on improving speech efficiency by reducing word avoidance and increasing spontaneity in communication. Differentiating between typical disfluencies and stuttering (i.e., ambiguous and unambiguous moments of stuttering) is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children (see ASHAs resource on characteristics of typical disfluency and stuttering). https://doi.org/10.1159/000504221, Rollnick, S., & Miller, W. R. (1995). Adolescents and young adults who stutter were found to have more white matter connections in the right hemisphere as compared with normally fluent controls (Watkins et al., 2008). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 44, 3245. The effects of self-disclosure and non-self-disclosure of stuttering on listeners perceptions of a person who stutters. Reducing bullying through role-playing and self-disclosure. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.019, Han, T.-U., Root, J., Reyes, L. D., Huchinson, E. B., du Hoffmann, J., Lee, W.-S., Barnes, T. D., & Drayna, D. (2019). Cluttering treatment: Theoretical considerations and intervention planning. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(2), 110121. Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. (1993). Randomised controlled trial of the Lidcombe programme of early stuttering intervention. Identifying correlates of self-stigma in adults who stutter: Further establishing the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S). Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2004). The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 939947. Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions. Prevalence of stuttering in African American preschool children. Areas of the brain that were studied and the technologies used to conduct the research (e.g., PET, MEG, MRI, fMRI, NIRS, DCS) also varied widely. B. Overheard: Bilingual and disfluent: A unique treatment challenge. Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: I. Stuttering impact: A shared perception for parents and children. Depending on the country and methodology used, rates were estimated to range from 1.03% (Abou et al., 2015) to 1.38% (Al-Jazi & Al-Khamra, 2015), but could be as high as 8.4% (Oyono et al., 2018). Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations, 20(1), 1523. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 3(4), 374380. Intrajudge and interjudge reliability of the Stuttering Severity InstrumentFourth Edition. (2019). Appropriate roles for SLPs include the following: As indicated in the ASHA Code of Ethics (ASHA, 2016a), SLPs who serve this population should be specifically educated and appropriately trained to do so. An introduction to camps for children who stutter: What they are and how they can help. production of words with an excess of physical tension or struggle. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37447, Thordardottir, E. (2006). Stuttering Therapy Resources. One of the most widely used models of change is the transtheoretical or stages of change model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 2005). Impact experienced from stuttering, or covert features of stuttering, may include. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 7(4), 6276. A comprehensive treatment approach for preschoolers includes both parent- and child-focused strategies. Prentice-Hall. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 4(6), 13161326. Communication attitudes in children who stutter: A meta-analytic review. How stuttering develops: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also applies to individuals with disabilities in a work setting. Some examples of these are to openly discuss experiences with stuttering (from the client and the clinician with pseudostuttering or as described by previous clients who stutter) and model pseudostuttering and techniques, attitudes, and beliefs across speaking situations (Manning & Quesal, 2016; Watson, 1988). Cengage Learning. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 46, 114. Prevalence of stuttering in primary school children in Cairo-Egypt. Specific standardized tests can be used to rule out word-finding difficulties. Scope of practice in speech-language pathology [Scope of practice]. Scaler Scott, K. (2013). Differing perspectives on what to do with a stuttering preschooler and why. Wampold, B. E. (2001). Quick: Talk fast & dont stutter! The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Daniels, D. (2007). Effective counseling is important for encouraging individuals with a fluency disorder to share information in the affective, cognitive, and social domains. ), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency (pp. See ASHAs Practice Portal resource on Transitioning Youth. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 63, 105746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105746, Boyle, M. P., Milewski, K. M., & Beita-Ell, C. (2018). Studies in tachyphemia: III. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 19. The prevalence of speech and language disorders in French-speaking preschool children from Yaound (Cameroon). Dosage depends largely on the nature of the treatment (e.g., direct, indirect), age group, and the task level (e.g., learning basic skills requires more clinic room practice than does generalization). Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 69, 180189. Adults with fluency disorders have likely experienced years of treatment with varied outcomes. Gupta, S., Yashodharakumar, G. Y., & Vasudha, H. H. (2016). Emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811, Zebrowski, P. M. (2002). Stuttering and cluttering: Frameworks for understanding and treatment. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504. Children who stutter typically know how to read (decode) the printed form of words, but they may not be able to speak the printed form fluently. See the Service Delivery section of the Fluency Disorders Evidence Map for pertinent scientific evidence, expert opinion, and client/caregiver perspective. Presence of stutteringAn estimated one third of people who stutter also present with at least some components of cluttering (Daly, 1986; Preus, 1981; Ward, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.10.003. 297325). seizure disorders (Briley & Ellis, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.03.001, Flynn, T. W., & St. Louis, K. O. Differences in fluency across languages may be due to the social context in which the language is used (Foote, 2013), as well as the proficiency of each language spoken. This model describes stages in the process of behavioral change, and it can be used to determine an individuals readiness to make a change. Treatment for fluency disorders is highly individualized and based on a thorough assessment of speech fluency, language factors, emotional/attitudinal components, and life impact (Byrd & Donaher, 2018). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.003. Identifying subgroups of stutterers (No. This perceived rapid rateand the resulting breakdown in speech clarityis thought to be because speakers with cluttering speak at a rate that is too fast for their systems to handle (Myers, 1992; St. Louis et al., 2007; Ward, 2006). Treatment of the child who stutters with co-existing learning, behavioral, and cognitive challenges. Screening of communication when a fluency disorder is suspected and as part of a comprehensive speech-language evaluation. Cluttering: A neurological perspective. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 5(2), 95102. In addition, clinicians need to avoid using religious or highly familiar texts that individuals may know by rote. Cluttering, another fluency disorder, is characterized by a perceived rapid and/or irregular speech rate, atypical pauses, maze behaviors, pragmatic issues, decreased awareness of fluency problems or moments of disfluency, excessive disfluencies, collapsing or omitting syllables, and language formulation issues, which result in breakdowns in speech clarity and/or fluency (St. Louis & Schulte, 2011; van Zaalen-Opt Hof & Reichel, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.002, Boyle, M. P., Beita-Ell, C., & Milewski, K. M. (2019). minimizing the adverse impact of stuttering (Yaruss et al., 2012). The transtheoretical approach. Individuals may exhibit pure cluttering or cluttering with stuttering (van Zaalen-Opt Hof et al., 2009). A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers. 256276). Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0225. Scaler Scott, K. (2010). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31(2), 90115. Please enable it in order to use the full functionality of our website. consultation with and referral to other professionals as needed. School-age stuttering therapy: A practical guide. Building trust by following the students lead, finding out what experiences may be motivating, and bringing together peers for support are treatment options to consider (Hearne et al., 2008). Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (United States Department of Labor, n.d.) protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability via a 504 plan. Ntourou, K., Conture, E. G., & Lipsey, M. W. (2011). The person exhibits negative reactions (e.g., affective, behavioral, or cognitive reactions) to their disfluency. Preschool children who stutter showed differences in event-related brain potentials used as indices of language processing. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 118. When developing treatment goals, the clinician takes a holistic approach and considers the extent to which stuttering affects the individuals entire communication experience. increasing self-confidence and self-efficacy. (2017). Ward, D., & Scaler Scott, K. (2011). Is parentchild interaction therapy effective in reducing stuttering? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.09.005, Gerlach, H., Hollister, J., Caggiano, L., & Zebrowski, P. M. (2019). These modifications are used regardless of whether a particular word is expected to be produced fluently. Drayna and Kang (2011) found that gene mutations were present in close to 10% of cases of familial stuttering. Available from http://blog.asha.org/2013/09/26/how-can-you-tell-if-childhood-stuttering-is-the-real-deal/. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.07.001. Journal of Communication Disorders, 58, 4357. B. Harper & Row. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 206221. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(4), 311324. Adults who stutter also may experience job discrimination and occupational stereotyping, including an earnings gap, especially for females (Gerlach et al., 2018). www.asha.org/policy/, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Research updates in neuroimaging studies of children who stutter. excessive levels of typical disfluencies (e.g., revisions, interjections), maze behaviors or frequent topic shifting (e.g., I need to go toI mean Im out of cheese. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(3), 186193. Self-efficacy is a positive belief in ones own ability to successfully accomplish a set goal that is task dependent, which comes from (a) past experiences of mastery, (b) vicarious experiences, (c) verbal persuasion, and (d) emotional/physical states (Boyle, 2013a, 2013b, 2015; Boyle et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2017).
typical vs atypical disfluencies asha